Forests cover about 30% of the world’s land area and play a crucial role in absorbing and releasing carbon. A key part of this process is soil respiration, which is the release of CO 2 from soil as ...

Let’s talk about two of the main classifications of plant diseases — biotic and abiotic — and the differences between them. The term “abiotic” means “without life.” Examples include damage from the ...

Abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, and extreme temperatures are major limitations to crop productivity and global food security. Understanding and ...