The distribution of outermost shell electrons, known as valence electrons, of organic molecules was experimentally observed for the first time by a team led by Nagoya University in Japan. As the ...

If phosphorous has five electrons in its outermost shell, meaning it needs only three more to fill the shell, how can it form FOUR valence bonds when used as a dopant in a silicon crystal? This is one ...

The use of n-type and p-type silicon is a foundation concept in the design of transistors. Pure silicon is not conductive. However, it can be made conductive by adding other elements to its ...

Stephen has degrees in science (Physics major) and arts (English Literature and the History and Philosophy of Science), as well as a Graduate Diploma in Science Communication. Stephen has degrees in ...

The distribution of outermost shell electrons, known as valence electrons, of organic molecules was observed for the first time. As the interactions between atoms are governed by the valence electrons ...